৪৫তম বিসিএস লিখিত প্রশ্ন ইংরেজি
ENGLISH (COMPULSORY)
Subject Code : 003
Time-4 hours
Full marks-200
Part A
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow :
An offshoot of the environmental movement of the 1970, ecotourism has come
into its own over the past two decades. Thanks to an increasing awareness
of environmental issues such as climate change combined with a high demand
among European and North American travellers for unspoiled locations,
authentic cultural experience, and recreational challenges, ecotourism is
growing at a rate of 20 percent annually, making it the fastest-growing
sector in the tourism industry. The International Ecotourism Society
defines ecotourism as economically sustainable, ecologically sensitive,
and culturally acceptable. Closely related is the concept of sustainable
tourism identified in our common future, the Brundtland Commission's
report to the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development :
Development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
Ecotourism's principles clearly distinguish it from conventional mass
tourism. Instead of classic tourist meccas, ecotourism seeks out remote
locations with strict environmental protections and operates on a small
scale. Tourists, business and local residents are encouraged to minimize
their impact on the environment by recycling materials, conserving energy
and water, safely treated human waste and properly disposing of garbage,
using alternative energy, and building in a manner that fits in with
natural surroundings. The financial benefits from ecotourism are passed on
to the community through conservation projects, employment, partnerships
and local participation in the development and management of local
resources.
Synonymous with 'green' tourism, ecotourism promotes cultural sensitivity
and respect for traditions and customs in order to avoid the kind of
exploitation that has turned tribal ceremonies into side-shows and relics
into souvenirs. Ecotourism also plays a political role in its support of
human rights and democracy.
The popularity of ecotourism is a problem in itself. The original
ecotourists were small in number, deeply committed to conservation and
actively engaged in cultural exchange. At one time, they were willing to
rough it and go off the beaten path, but now so-called ecotourists travel
and expect the comforts of home package in a pretty setting. In the
process, nature once an honoured treasure, has become a commodity and a
photo opportunity. Larger numbers of ecotourists consume more resources
and leave a larger impact on the environment, and eco-operators require
more land to accomodate demand. As ecotourism spreads to more sensitive,
comers of the earth, it could end up defeating its original purposes.
Ecotourism can be achieved only if steps are taken in the right
directions. In 1993, British Airways led the way as the first airline to
implement a systematic environmental policy. The International Hotels
Environment Initiative (IHEI) has more than 5000 members from 111
countries. In cooperation with the United Nations Environment Program and
the International Hotel and Restaurant Association, the IHEI developed an
'Environmental Action Pack for Hotels' in 1995 to promote environmental
management, energy and water conservation, and waste and emission
reduction. In 1996, the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and
Tourism Council, and the Earth Summit Council drafted Agenda 21 for the
Travel and Tourism Industry, recognizing the interdependence of Tourism,
peace, development and environmental protection. The year 2002 was
declared the United Nations International Year of Ecotourism, with an
ecotourism summit held in May.
Whether initiated by trade or intergovernmental organizations,
blueprints and agreements can be meaningful only if governments are
proactive. Belize and Costa Rica, for example, have established national
policies and strategies to further ecotourism.
Brazil, Indonesia, Namibia and Nepal integrate small-scale,
community-oriented approaches into their tourism programs. While
progress continues to be made on many fronts and by many players, it is
the individual traveller who will keep ecotourism on track. Tourists can
make informed choices about travel destinations and tour operators, as
well as conscious efforts to reduce their individual impact on the
environment and to practice cultural sensitivity toward local people.
They can participate in volunteer conservation projects and gain skills
and knowledge in the process. They can pressure governments to pass and
enforce laws that protect the environment. Ultimately, they can spend
their money where it is put to green use. Nature is counting on them.
1. Answer the questions in your own words. Don't copy from the text
above. Copying from
the text above may affect the evaluation.
(a) What are the main aims of ecotourism?
(b) On what does the success of ecotourism depend?
(c) What initiatives have hotels taken to reduce their impact on the
environment?
(d) Define ecotourism. What are the principles of ecotourism?
(e) How do the governments support ecotourism? What individual tourists
can do to
support ecotourism?
(f) What are the dangerous impact of ecotourism on environment?
2. Make sentences of your own with each of the following words as
directed : Copying,
vagueness and ambiguity must be avoided.
(a) Sustainable (Comparative)
(b) Distinguish (Complex)
(c) Exploitation (Imperative)
(d) Conserve (Compound)
(e) Committed (Negative)
(f) Implement (Simple)
(g) Disposal (Simple)
(h) Accommodate (Negative)
(i) Challenging (Interrogative)
(j) Compromising (Comparative)
8. Translate into English :
চিত্রবিনোদন মানুষের সর্বকারণীন চাহিদা যার প্রকৃতি পরিবর্তনশীল। সভ্যতার
ক্রমবিকাশনে ও বিজ্ঞানের কল্যাণে এর বিস্তার ঘটেছে বিভিন্ন দেশে,
বিভিন্নভাবে। আমাদের বাংলাদেশের মানুষ এখন ঘরে বসে বিভিন্ন দেশের
আচার-আচরণ পর্যবেক্ষণ করতে ও নৃত্যগীত ও নানাধরনের সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠান
উপভোগ করতে পারছে। সুদুর অতীতে এমনটা ছিল না—একথা বলাই বাহুল্য। বিভিন্ন
ধরনের শারীরিক কসরত দর্শন ও প্রদর্শনী ছিল বিনোদনের একটি বড় উপায়। এদের
মধ্যে নৌকা বাইচ ছিল অন্যতম যে এখনো আছে। মাঠঘাট, নদীনালা যখন পানিতে
ভরপুর থাকে তখনই অনুষ্ঠিত হয় নৌকা বাইচ। এই বাইচ সাধারণত উদ্যোক্তাদের
নির্দিষ্ট করে দেয়া দেড় বা দুই মাইলের মধ্যে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়ে থাকে।
বাইচের নৌকা চল্লিশ থেকে ষাট হাত লম্বা এবং পাঁচ ছয় হাত চওড়া হয়।
প্রতিটি নৌকায় বিশ-পঁচিশ জন করে লোক থাকে যারা গানের সুরে দেশীয়
বাদ্যযন্ত্র বাজিয়ে একদিকে দর্শকদের আনন্দ দেয়, আবার অন্যদিকে নৌকার
মাঝিমাল্লাদের উৎসাহিত করে, দুই তীরের উল্লুক্ষ দর্শক হাততালি দিয়ে
আনন্দ প্রকাশ করে। যে নৌকাটি সবার আগে একটি নিশানা স্থারা নির্দেশ করা
সীমানা অতিক্রম করে সে নৌকাই বিজয়ী ঘোষিত হয়। বর্তমানে নৌকা বাইচ কমে
গেলেও এদেশের ঐতিহ্যের ধারক ও বাহক হিসেবে এর গুরুত্ব এখনও অন্ধকার করা
যায় না।
9. Translate into Bangla :
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my
life : the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable
pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds,
have blown me hither and thither, in a way ward course, over a deep
ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought
love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would
often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this
joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loveliness—that
terrible loveliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over
the rim of the world into the cold un-fathomable lifeless abyss. I
have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in
a mystic, miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints
and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might
seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found. With
equal passion I have sought knowledge I have wished to understand the
hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward
the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries
of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured
by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and
the whale world of loveliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of
what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot,
and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly
live it again if the chance were offered me.
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